Debian ställer inga maskinvarukrav utöver kraven ställda för Linux- eller kFreeBSD-kärnan och GNU:s verktyg. Därför kan alla arkitekturer eller plattformar till vilka Linuxkärnan, libc, gcc och så vidare, blivit porterade, och för vilken en portering till Debian finns, köra Debian. Referera till ports-sidorna på http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/ för mera detaljer om 32-bit soft-float ARM-arkitektursystem som har blivit testade med Debian GNU/Linux.
Hellre än att försöka att beskriva alla de olika maskinvarukonfigurationerna som finns stöd för i 32-bit soft-float ARM innehåller det här avsnittet allmän information och pekar till källor för ytterligare information.
Debian GNU/Linux 8 har stöd för elva större arkitekturer och ett flertal variationer av varje arkitektur kända som ”varianter”.
Arkitektur | Debian-beteckning | Underarkitektur | Variant |
---|---|---|---|
Intel x86-baserad | i386 | ||
AMD64 & Intel 64 | amd64 | ||
ARM | armel | Intel IXP4xx | ixp4xx |
Marvell Kirkwood | kirkwood | ||
Marvell Orion | orion5x | ||
Versatile | versatile | ||
ARM with hardware FPU | armhf | multiplatform | armmp |
multiplatform for LPAE-capable systems | armmp-lpae | ||
64bit ARM | arm64 | ||
MIPS (big endian) | mips | SGI IP22 (Indy/Indigo 2) | r4k-ip22 |
SGI IP32 (O2) | r5k-ip32 | ||
MIPS Malta (32 bitar) | 4kc-malta | ||
MIPS Malta (64 bitar) | 5kc-malta | ||
MIPS (little endian) | mipsel | MIPS Malta (32 bitar) | 4kc-malta |
MIPS Malta (64 bitar) | 5kc-malta | ||
IBM/Motorola PowerPC | powerpc | PowerMac | pmac |
PReP | prep | ||
Power Systems | ppc64el | IBM POWER8 or newer machines | |
IBM S/390 | s390x | IPL från VM-läsare och DASD | generic |
Det här dokumentet täcker in installationen för 32-bit soft-float ARM--arkitekturen med Linux-kärnan. Om du letar efter information om någon av de andra arkitekturerna som Debian stöder kan du se på sidorna för Debian-porteringar.
The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides three ARM ports to give the best support for a very wide range of different machines:
Debian/armel targets older 32-bit ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU),
Debian/armhf works only on newer 32-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). It makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.
Debian/arm64 works on 64-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv8 architecture.
De flesta ARM-processorer kan köras i båda endian-lägena (big eller little). Dock använder majoriteten av alla nuvarande systemimplementationer läget för little-endian. Debian har för närvarande endast stöd för little-endian på ARM-system.
ARM systems are much more heterogeneous than those based on the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, so the support situation can be much more complicated.
The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called ”system-on-chip” (SoC) designs. These SoCs are designed by many different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. System firmware interfaces have been increasingly standardised over time, but especially on older hardware firmware/boot interfaces vary a great deal, so on these systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many system-specific low-level issues which would be handled by the mainboard's BIOS in the PC world.
At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, the hardware variety resulted in the requirement of having a separate kernel for each ARM system in contrast to the ”one-fits-all” kernel for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of different systems, work was done to allow booting with a single ARM kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM systems is now implemented in a way that allows the use of such a multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a separate specific kernel is still required. Because of this, the standard Debian distribution only supports installation on a selected number of such older ARM systems, alongside the newer systems which are supported by the ARM multiplatform kernels (called ”armmp”) in Debian/armhf.
The following platforms are supported by Debian/armel; they require platform-specific kernels.
The Intel IXP4xx processor series is used in commonly used network attached storage (NAS) devices like the Linksys NSLU2.
While there is kernel support for this platform in Debian 8, it is not supported by the debian-installer
. It is possible to do a ”dist-upgrade” from Debian 7 to Debian 8 for existing installations, though. Due to the small amount of RAM that systems based on the IXP4xx typically have, this requires that swap space is enabled prior to upgrading. Support for the IXP4xx platform will be dropped completely in Debian 9.
Kirkwood är ett system på ett chip (SoC) från Marvell som integrerar en ARM-processor, Ethernet, SATA, USB och annan funktionalitet på ett enda chip. Vi har för närvarande stöd för följande Kirkwood-baserade enheter: OpenRD (OpenRD-Base, OpenRD-Client och OpenRD-Ultimate), propp-datorer (SheevaPlug och GuruPlug) och QNAP Turbo Station (alla TS-11x, TS-21x, och TS-41x stöds).
Orion är ett system på ett chip (SoC) från Marvell som integrerar en ARM-processor, Ethernet, SATA, USB och annan funktionalitet på ett enda chip. Det finns många Network Attached Storage-enheter (NAS) på marknaden som är baserade på ett Orion-chip. Vi har för närvarande stöd för följande Orion-baserade enheter: Buffalo Kurobox, D-Link DNS-323 och HP mv2120.
Plattformen versatile emuleras av QEMU och är därför ett enkelt sätt att testa och köra Debian på ARM om du inte har maskinvaran.
Intel's I/O Processor (IOP) line is found in a number of products related to data storage and processing, such as the GLAN Tank from IO-Data and the Thecus N2100. Debian has supported the IOP32x platform in Debian 7, but does not support it any longer from version 8 on due to hardware constraints of the platform which make it unsuitable for the installation of newer Debian releases.
The MV78xx0 platform has been used on the Marvell DB-78xx0-BP development board. It was supported in Debian 7 with a platform-specific kernel (based on the Linux kernel version 3.2), but is not supported any more from Debian 8 onwards.
Debian's support for graphical interfaces is determined by the underlying support found in X.Org's X11 system, and the kernel. Basic framebuffer graphics is provided by the kernel, whilst desktop environments use X11. Whether advanced graphics card features such as 3D-hardware acceleration or hardware-accelerated video are available, depends on the actual graphics hardware used in the system and in some cases on the installation of additional ”firmware” images (see Avsnitt 2.2, ”Enheter som kräver fast programvara”).
Nearly all ARM machines have the graphics hardware built-in, rather than being on a plug-in card. Some machines do have expansion slots which will take graphics cards, but that is a rarity. Hardware designed to be headless with no graphics at all is quite common. Whilst basic framebuffer video provided by the kernel should work on all devices that have graphics, fast 3D graphics invariably needs binary drivers to work. The situation is changing quickly but at the time of the jessie release free drivers for nouveau (Nvidia Tegra K1 SoC) and freedreno (Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs) are available in the release. Other hardware needs non-free drivers from 3rd parties.
Debians stöd för grafiska gränssnitt bestäms av det underliggande stöd som hittas i X.Org:s X11-system. De flesta AGP-, PCI-, PCIe- och PCI-X-grafikkort fungerar under X.Org. Detaljer om grafikbussar, kort, skärmar och pekenheter kan hittas på http://xorg.freedesktop.org/. Debian 8 skickar med X.Org version 7.7.
Nästan alla nätverkskort (NIC) som stöds av Linux-kärnan stöds även av installationssystemet; modulära drivrutiner ska vanligtvis läsas in automatiskt.
På 32-bit soft-float ARM finns stöd för de flesta inbyggda Ethernet-enheter och moduler för ytterligare PCI- och USB-enheter tillhandahålls.