public class BigArrays
extends java.lang.Object
A big array is an array-of-arrays representation of an array. The
length of a big array is bounded by SEGMENT_SIZE
*
Integer.MAX_VALUE
= 134217728 * (231 −
1) rather than Integer.MAX_VALUE
. The type of a big array is that of
an array-of-arrays, so a big array of integers is of type
int[][]
. Note that SEGMENT_SIZE
has been chosen so that
a single segment is smaller than 231 bytes independently of the
data type. It might be enlarged in the future.
If a
is a big array, a[0]
, a[1]
,
… are called the segments of the big array. All segments,
except possibly for the last one, are of length SEGMENT_SIZE
. Given
an index i
into a big array, there is an associated
segment and an associated
displacement into that segment. Access to single members happens by
means of accessors defined in the type-specific versions (see, e.g.,
IntBigArrays.get(int[][], long)
and
IntBigArrays.set(int[][], long, int)
), but you can also use the
methods segment(long)
/displacement(long)
to access entries
manually.
You can scan a big array using the following idiomatic form:
for(int s = 0; s < a.length; s++) { final int[] t = a[s]; final int l = t.length; for(int d = 0; d < l; d++) { do something with t[d] } }or using the (simpler and usually faster) reversed version:
for( int s = a.length; s-- != 0;) { final int[] t = a[s]; for( int d = t.length; d-- != 0;) { do something with t[d] } }
Inside the inner loop, the original index in a
can be retrieved
using index(segment, displacement)
. You can also
use an additional long to keep track of the index.
Note that caching is essential in making these loops essentially as fast as those scanning standard arrays (as iterations of the outer loop happen very rarely). Using loops of this kind is extremely faster than using a standard loop and accessors.
In some situations, you might want to iterate over a part of a big array having an offset and a length. In this case, the idiomatic loops are as follows:
for(int s = segment(offset); s < segment(offset + length + SEGMENT_MASK); s++) { final int[] t = a[s]; final int l = (int)Math.min(t.length, offset + length - start(s)); for(int d = (int)Math.max(0, offset - start(s)); d < l; d++) { do something with t[d] } }or, in a reversed form,
for(int s = segment(offset + length + SEGMENT_MASK); s-- != segment(offset);) { final int[] t = a[s]; final int b = (int)Math.max(0, offset - start(s)); for(int d = (int)Math.min(t.length, offset + length - start(s)); d-- != b ;) { do something with t[d] } }
A literal big array can be easily created by using the suitable type-specific
wrap()
method (e.g., IntBigArrays.wrap(int[])
) around a
literal standard array. Alternatively, for very small arrays you can just
declare a literal array-of-array (e.g., new int[][] { { 1, 2 } }
). Be warned, however, that this can lead to creating illegal big arrays if
for some reason (e.g., stress testing) SEGMENT_SIZE
is set to a
value smaller than the inner array length.
If you find the kind of “bare hands” approach to big arrays not
enough object-oriented, please use big lists based on big arrays (.e.g,
IntBigArrayBigList
). Big arrays follow the Java tradition of
considering arrays as a “legal alien”—something in-between
an object and a primitive type. This approach lacks the consistency of a full
object-oriented approach, but provides some significant performance gains.
In addition to commodity methods, this class contains BigSwapper
-based implementations of
quicksort and
of a stable, in-place
mergesort.
These generic sorting methods can be used to sort any kind of list, but they
find their natural usage, for instance, in sorting big arrays in parallel.
Arrays
Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
---|---|
static int |
SEGMENT_MASK
The mask used to compute the displacement associated to an index.
|
static int |
SEGMENT_SHIFT
The shift used to compute the segment associated with an index
(equivalently, the logarithm of the segment size).
|
static int |
SEGMENT_SIZE
The current size of a segment (227) is the largest size that
makes the physical memory allocation for a single segment strictly
smaller than 231 bytes.
|
Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
---|---|
static int |
displacement(long index)
Computes the displacement associated with a given index.
|
static void |
ensureFromTo(long bigArrayLength,
long from,
long to)
Ensures that a range given by its first (inclusive) and last (exclusive)
elements fits a big array of given length.
|
static void |
ensureLength(long bigArrayLength)
Ensures that a big-array length is legal.
|
static void |
ensureOffsetLength(long bigArrayLength,
long offset,
long length)
Ensures that a range given by an offset and a length fits a big array of
given length.
|
static long |
index(int segment,
int displacement)
Computes the index associated with given segment and displacement.
|
static void |
main(java.lang.String[] arg) |
static void |
mergeSort(long from,
long to,
LongComparator comp,
BigSwapper swapper)
Sorts the specified range of elements using the specified big swapper and
according to the order induced by the specified comparator using
mergesort.
|
static void |
quickSort(long from,
long to,
LongComparator comp,
BigSwapper swapper)
Sorts the specified range of elements using the specified big swapper and
according to the order induced by the specified comparator using
quicksort.
|
static int |
segment(long index)
Computes the segment associated with a given index.
|
static long |
start(int segment)
Computes the starting index of a given segment.
|
public static final int SEGMENT_SHIFT
public static final int SEGMENT_SIZE
public static final int SEGMENT_MASK
public static int segment(long index)
index
- an index into a big array.public static int displacement(long index)
index
- an index into a big array.public static long start(int segment)
segment
- the segment of a big array.public static long index(int segment, int displacement)
segment
- the segment of a big array.displacement
- the displacement into the segment.segment(index(segment, displacement)) == segment
and
displacement(index(segment,
displacement)) == displacement
.public static void ensureFromTo(long bigArrayLength, long from, long to)
This method may be used whenever a big array range check is needed.
bigArrayLength
- a big-array length.from
- a start index (inclusive).to
- an end index (inclusive).java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
- if from
is greater than to
.java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
- if from
or to
are greater than
bigArrayLength
or negative.public static void ensureOffsetLength(long bigArrayLength, long offset, long length)
This method may be used whenever a big array range check is needed.
bigArrayLength
- a big-array length.offset
- a start index for the fragmentlength
- a length (the number of elements in the fragment).java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
- if length
is negative.java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
- if offset
is negative or offset
+
length
is greater than
bigArrayLength
.public static void ensureLength(long bigArrayLength)
bigArrayLength
- a big-array length.java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
- if length
is negative, or larger than or equal
to SEGMENT_SIZE
* Integer.MAX_VALUE
.public static void mergeSort(long from, long to, LongComparator comp, BigSwapper swapper)
This sort is guaranteed to be stable: equal elements will not be reordered as a result of the sort. The sorting algorithm is an in-place mergesort that is significantly slower than a standard mergesort, as its running time is O(n (log n)2), but it does not allocate additional memory; as a result, it can be used as a generic sorting algorithm.
from
- the index of the first element (inclusive) to be sorted.to
- the index of the last element (exclusive) to be sorted.comp
- the comparator to determine the order of the generic data
(arguments are positions).swapper
- an object that knows how to swap the elements at any two
positions.public static void quickSort(long from, long to, LongComparator comp, BigSwapper swapper)
The sorting algorithm is a tuned quicksort adapted from Jon L. Bentley and M. Douglas McIlroy, “Engineering a Sort Function”, Software: Practice and Experience, 23(11), pages 1249−1265, 1993.
from
- the index of the first element (inclusive) to be sorted.to
- the index of the last element (exclusive) to be sorted.comp
- the comparator to determine the order of the generic data.swapper
- an object that knows how to swap the elements at any two
positions.public static void main(java.lang.String[] arg)